2009年9月21日 星期一

980922社會政策定義(維基中英文版)

社會政策,是通過國家立法和政府行政干預,解決社會問題,促進社會安全,改善社會環境,增進社會福利的一系列政策、行動準則和規定的總稱。其核心是解決市場經濟下公民的社會風險。

一般認為,社會政策起源於1873年德國學者組織的「社會政策學會」。第一個給予社會政策以科學概念的是華格納(Adolph Wagner)。1891年他在發表的一篇論文中提出,社會政策是運用立法和行政手段,調節財產所得和勞動所得之間的分配不均問題。但是只有到了20世紀的中期以後,由於經濟學、政治學和系統科學等學科的加盟,源於社會福利理論的社會政策才逐漸成為為具有開放性、交叉性和系統性等特點的獨立的應用社會科學學科。

作為一門應用性學科,社會政策的研究內內容主要涉及政策產生過程的理論和方法,以及政策在各個相關領域中的應用這兩個方面。在後一個方面,社會政策又可分為狹義和廣義兩類。狹義的社會政策範圍僅僅涉及勞工及貧民生活,而廣義的社會政策則包括國民福利、就業、住房、健康、文化、教育、人口、婚姻與家庭生活、社區及社會公共環境以及宗教等等。顯然,狹義的界定所對應的只是狹義的社會福利政策,而廣義的界定則對應於各種社會問題的研究。

國際所公認的社會政策發揮重要作用的階段,是從二戰以後到60年代的20餘年間。這一階段也可以說是費邊社社會福利觀的全盛時代。費邊社提出對福利國家的建議,認為政府應該通過加強財政政策,立法等渠道去再分配財富和其他的權利,使人民在平等的基礎上,得以自由地去實踐自我。為使社會服務不因貧富差別而出現兩種不同的服務標準導致社會風化,費邊社提出更積極的改善政府提供的服務,使之與私營服務的素質沒有差別(趙維生,1987)。從費邊社的實踐中,我們看到的是「為影響社會福利的一系列的政策活動」(Hill,1997)。這可稱之為社會政策的簡要定義。儘管費邊社的建議在當時並沒有被接受,但它對後來英國福利國家制度的建立卻產生了非常大的影響。庇古的「福利經濟學」和凱恩斯主義的發展,則為福利國家提供了理論基礎。而第二次世界大戰,則在某種程度上成為了福利國家的預演。在戰時的社會生產和全體勞動力實行准軍事化的集中管理和統籌調度,以及對主要生活用品實行了全員定量分配,這種政策非但沒有降低效率,反而使全社會空前團結。正是在這樣背景之下,1942年英國戰時聯合政府委託無黨派人士、經濟學家貝弗里奇(W.Beveridge)起草了一份準備在戰後實施的社會保障計劃——貝弗里奇報告,該報告也被認為是社會政策的里程碑。其核心內容是:社會福利是社會集體應盡的責任,是每個公民應享受的權利。報告提出要以社會保險為主要措施,全面消除貧困、疾病、骯髒、無知、懶散等各種社會弊病。報告還提出了關於「從搖籃到墳墓」的福利國家制度的許多具體設想。並且迅速在歐洲範圍內普及開來。



Social policy relates to guidelines for the changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Thus social policy is that part of public policy that has to do with social issues. In most European countries, those types of insurance are made mandatory by law. As a result, the number of people living in industrialized democracies without health insurance is very small, with the exception of the US. However, those policies are facing additional challenges in recent years, as the population is aging and the number of contributors dwindling, while there are more and more beneficiaries. Social policy is thus becoming an important challenge for politicians and policymakers. Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing and social security. In an academic environment, social policy refers to the study of the welfare state and the range of responses to social need. In United States politics, social policies are those which regulate and govern human behavior in areas such as sexuality and general morality. Social policies are in contrast to other, more traditional forms of political policy, such as foreign policy and economic policy. Modern-day social policies may deal with the following issues:
abortion, and the regulation of its practice
the legal status of
euthanasia
the rules surrounding issues of
marriage, divorce, and adoption
poverty, welfare, and homelessness and how it is to deal with these issues
Social policy may be influenced by
religion and the religious beliefs of politicians. Political conservatives as a whole generally favor a more traditionalist approach that favors individual initiative and private enterprise in social policy. Political liberals, on the other hand favor the guarantee of equal rights and entitlements to all people and tend to favor state regulation or insurance to support this. In Europe and Canada, social policy usually refers to policies affecting the social conditions under which people live. Important areas of social policy in these countries are:
Health insurance, Accident insurance, Unemployment insurance
Retirement insurance, Labor regulation,
Education


Social policy
often deals with issues which Rittle & Webber (1973) called
wicked problems.

沒有留言:

張貼留言